Throughout the world, millions of girls are being deprived of a fundamental right – the right to education. This all-important right set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1984 has been reinforced, recognized as a global priority, and incorporated into developmental agendas over the past decades. Developed nations have made tremendous progressive commitments towards achieving high rates in girl child education. However, the reality in most developing nations, including Nigeria, seems to be far-fetched. Statistics show that more than half of the 10.5 million out-of-school children in Nigeria are girls – the highest in the world, meaning that for every 5 out-of-school children, 3 are girls. Many  girls who are enrolled in school at an early stage, drop out on short notice even before completing primary school. Despite the alarming level of neglect in educating the girl child, only a few initiatives such as the  UNICEF’s G4G initiative[1] have provided support for the girl child in Nigeria.

Although, marginal progress has been made in enrollment rates - perhaps not so much of a feat to be celebrated- constraints such as social exclusion, cost, distance, poverty, gender inequality, traditional influences and early marriage, parental literacy continue to sideline many girls from getting an education. In Northern Nigeria, gender norms and stereotypes which define girls primarily by their function as wives and mothers often exclude them from decision-making processes and community involvements. They therefore reach adult age without control over many areas of their lives.

In reaching the SDG 4, it is pertinent to consider all possible ways to achieve this important goal; girl-child education is such a crucial part of the ways to achieve the goal. Evidence has been mounting on the pivotal role that educating a girl plays in improving economic and social outcomes, for herself, the family and the society. The yields from investing in girls’ education are substantial.  This piece seeks to explore the potential economic and social losses resulting from the girl child education.

What Economic Rewards will be lost by not educating the girl child?

Failure to provide sustainable access to education for girls have a strong causal impact on individual earnings, labor productivity and economic growth. A World Bank report reveals that a country’s growth increases by 0.3 percent when the share of girls completing secondary school are increased by just 1 percent. Even more significantly, increasing the number of girls with strong literacy skills (a measure of quality education) boosts economic growth by a significant 2 percent. Thus, access to and successful completion of at least secondary education for girls contribute significant to the acquisition of skills necessary for the labor force, influencing prospects for sustained growth. This is particularly important for Nigeria whose growth rate has shrunk in recent years, and needs all possible ways to boost it.

Considering that women are often down the pyramid in the informal sector, more access and years of schooling can take them up the pyramid and increase their expected level of earnings.  Existing research shows that better-educated women earn more, have better jobs and invest their earnings into their families. In fact, every additional year a girl spends in school increases her future wages by up to 10 percent. The gap in gender education attainment has cost the Nigerian economy $538 in Purchasing power parity per working-age female, translating to a total of $17 billion foregone earnings. As a tool for poverty alleviation, girls’ education triggers better productivity, reduced illiteracy rate and ultimately reduced poverty rate.

Are there Social Costs of Not Investing in Girls’ Education?

Education serves as a strong and important indicator of whether a girl will marry as a child. The UNICEF reports that in Nigeria, 44 percent of girls are married off before they turn 18 – violating the age limit for marriage set in the Child Rights Act of 2003. Also, the Nigerian government has projected to reduce child marriage by 40 percent by 2020 and totally eliminate the practice by 2030, yet, just a few years to the deadlines, this National strategy is being threatened by poor educational attainment for girls. Progress report on the strategy suggests that Child marriage declined only 9 percent in 14 years (2003-2017). More so, girls without education are up to six times more likely to be married off as children than girls who stay in school up to secondary level. Thus, educating girls and investing in girls’ education are critical strategies for the prevention of child marriage, without which the strategy may not be achievable and may worsen in the coming decades, given the potential surge in population.

Furthermore, higher levels of education for girls have been associated with reduction in early births, smaller families and healthier households. If all girls had at least a secondary school education, early births will reduce by a significant 59 percent. On one hand, this presents smaller number of children and families to cater for. On the other hand, educated girls who become mothers are better informed to ensure their children benefit from adequate education, immunization and nutrition.  A UNESCO report suggest that in low-income countries, if all girls are educated up to primary level, the number of children who experience stunting would reduce by 1.7 million. For completing secondary school, the number rises to 12.2 million; and commits to achieving the SDG 2 on improved nutrition.

On the demand for gender equality and fairness, educating girls equip them with the needed knowledge to lend their voices in political and gender-based issues. Educated women are more likely to involve themselves in political processes, contribute to effective governance in the society and voice out on issues around sexual harassment, gender discrimination and domestic violence.

CONCLUSION

Nigeria must pay more attention to girl-child education as it may well be the highest-return investment available in the developing world as well as a lifeline to record high percentage of success in developmental processes. The pay-offs for the girl child, her family, her community and the society at large are too enormous to be neglected. All hands must be on deck to ensure that every Nigerian girl not only has access to education but is supported to remain in school.

[1]The target is to enroll one million Nigerian girls in school and support them to remain in school

Quality education is a crucial tool for improving the prospects of higher income levels for individuals, and for the economic growth of nations. Goal 4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is focused on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting life-long learning opportunities for all. However, in low and middle-income countries like Nigeria, many children do not have access to quality education. This blog looks at how Nigeria can make better education a reality and achieve SDG 4.

Dilapidated structures, overcrowding and lack of adequate furniture are common features of public schools in Nigeria. LEA Primary School City Gate in Abuja is no exception. The school has 360 students, a third being Internally Displaced Persons. Classes are overcrowded and lack adequate furniture to accommodate the children. In one of the classes, 87 students share 8 tables and chairs. This forces students to take lessons sitting on the bare floor or on window stills.

LEA Primary School City Gate is only one of many examples of why Nigeria’s quality of education ranked 125^th out of 137 countries on the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Download File">Index in 2016. Nigeria currently has the Download PDF">highest number of out-of school-children in the world of primary school age. Significant deficiencies exist even among those who attend school as they lack grade-level competencies. For instance, only 70.9 %of men and 59.3 % of women between the ages of 15 and 24 that have completed primary school in Nigeria are Download PDF">literate.

Barriers to Quality Education

No doubt, Nigeria experienced significant progress in expanding access to school under the Millennium development goals (MDGs) and the domestic Universal Basic Education (UBE) Scheme. However, this expansion has not resulted in improved learning. The flat learning curve in Nigeria is proof that getting children to school does not automatically translate to frequent attendance, grade progression, effective classroom governance, and more importantly, Download PDF">learning. Additionally, Nigeria faces challenges in ensuring equitable education and learning outcomes across gender, ethnic and regional lines.

The country’s quality of education is very unlikely to experience significant progress because of several factors that hinder improvement. Teacher absence, student nonattendance and irrelevant and culturally unresponsive curricula are some of the reasons. But also, poor pedagogical content knowledge, dilapidated structures, insecurity (specifically, the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast region of the country) and inadequate funding are issues that need to be addressed.

What can be done?

Quality education is necessary for the preparation of a skilled workforce and lasting socioeconomic development of a country. Hence, the development and implementation of policies aimed towards increasing the quality of education are vital. In Nigeria, there is an urgent need to focus on:

More funding: To achieve the ambitious goal of providing quality education for all by 2030, a UNESCO report suggests that countries would have to allocate at least 20 percent of national budget on education. This seems like a far reality for Nigeria with its 2018 budgetary education allocation of mere 7.04 %. There is a crucial need for the Nigerian government to prioritize the education budget for quality education and better education outcomes.

In addition, international donors and multilateral corporations need to support domestic public spending on education. A 2015 Download File">report by the Brookings Institution revealed that while aid to education increased substantially under the MDGs, it is currently declining. Going forward, education should be prioritized in global policy discussions. It needs to gain attention and pool in corresponding resources. Spending has to match education needs to translate to better education Download File">outcomes.

Technology: Technology has the dual benefit of expanding access and improving the quality of education. The mobility of technology implies that learning opportunities can exist everywhere. This is particularly important as physical spaces for learning will not be able to keep up with Nigeria’s population surge, which is expected to double by Download PDF">2045. Technology also facilitates access to education content, exchange of skills and experiences, as well as knowledge transfer.

In Download File">Rwanda for instance, initiatives such as Information Communications Technology for everyone (ICT4E) and ‘One Laptop per Child’ project, have enriched quality of teaching and improved the ease of transfer of knowledge to children in rural areas. The education curriculum in Nigeria has to go beyond basic computer literacy. Technology has to be incorporated in all aspects of learning, including the creation of and access to e-learning applications with audio-visual content for teachers and students.

Conclusion

Nigeria’s education system still has a long way to go to achieve SDG4 on quality education. The Nigerian Government needs to initiate and implement better education policies in order to improve the quality of learning of its citizens. Furthermore, development partners and donors need to support domestic policies and spending on education as a vital SDG. Finally, there is a need for the government to incorporate technology into all aspects of learning. If these issues are effectively addressed, Nigeria’s quality of education will improve and serve as a veritable instrument for sustainable national development.

This Article was first published onDownload File">  SouthernVoice

Economic or trade unions all have something in common; to form a sizable market that can position its member states in a vantage standpoint needed to influence trade negotiations or expand the economic prosperity of its people through joint policy.  Economic unions or blocs are not necessarily formed to increase population size, promote consumerism or extend geographical space. They aim at enhancing market efficiency, promoting healthy competition, attracting foreign direct investment, expanding trade, promoting the economic interest of member states.

Instituted through the Lagos Treaty on the 28^th of May 1975, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) now has 15 members, occupies a geographical area of about 5,114,162 km² and market size of over 350 million people. With a combined GDP of approximately US$716.7 billion, ECOWAS possesses the required tools to improve West Africa economy. Forty-three (43) years down the line, some successes have been recorded, but yet the pace of influence and development have been slow. But we strongly believe that ECOWAS could be a catalytic entity for the emancipation of West Africa countries in the committee of Nations.

Custom, Manufacturing Capacity and Trade

Although within a trade bloc, the joint promotion of the regional welfare is emphasized, yet the member states with strong producing capacity tend to recoup most benefit.  While this is so, it could promote intense competition among member states thereby ensuring surplus output, varieties of good and services, and reduced prices for consumers. The ultimate result of these chains of actions will be expanded exports and foreign exchange inflow for member states. In 2016, the combined export value of ECOWAS was about US$101.4 billion, far below the export value of individual countries such as Turkey ($157.3 billion), Malaysia ($188.2billion) and some hosts.

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ECOWAS, 2016

While, it would have been expected that the member states trade more with each other, but the intra-trade trend shows that ECOWAS members trade less with each other, recording a yearly average of US$ 12.9 billion worth of goods and services from 2011 to 2016. There still exist some levels of barriers in trading with each other, an indication that the Economic/Trade Union did not result to Customs Union.  In addition to these, ECOWAS export to the outside world has been unstable and tumbling downward at a geometric pace, losing an average of US $10.5 billion every year and about the US $ 55.4 billion every two years. Examining the bloc’ s trade partners shows that about 83.7 percent of ECOWAS exports are to Europe and the Americas, about 16 percent en route to Asia and Oceania, with only 0.3% to the Middle East. The export composition still reflects the dominance of primary goods with little or no value addition.  All these are signals that the manufacturing capacity of the ECOWAS states are still lagging behind and the bloc needs a workable export strategy to create the needed prosperity and jobs among its member.

The Prosperity Joystick

ECOWAS states are not yet fully integrated economically. The bloc needs to focus more on economic integration through the following:

• Capital and Talent mobility: Despite the attainment of the ECOWAS passport, the inability to implement a vibrant custom and immigration union has been hampering free mobility among member states. The borders of member states are heavily armed with tank and armoury such that people and goods spending hours for documentation and It should be noted that without joint policing across the border, the free flow may not be fully achieved. This can be improved upon.
• Monetary integration: The existence of money brings in liquidity and easy flow of trade. With the US dollar as a third party currency, the full actualization of stress-free trade among members may not be completely achieved. But, the introduction of ECOWAS currency will necessitate joint monetary coordination and harmonization of macroeconomic policy among members.
• Friendly Investment Policy and Joint Trade Strategy: ECOWAS could facilitate FDI into West Africa and can support member states with research-based trade strategy, for instance, on the need to expand trade to the Middle-East region. This should also be considered for quick implementation" alt="" width="700" height="416" />

Morocco could be the Game Changer

The willingness of Morroco to join the union despite its geographical located in the North shows the presence of a pull “incentive-like” factor in ECOWAS not fully explored by the old members; the large market, massive labour or trade advantage. The country formally belongs to the Arab Maghreb Union (UAM) but has disagreements with the bloc, especially Algeria. In the past decade, Morocco trade with ECOWAS member states had grown up to US$ 1 billion in 2016. Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Mauritania happen to be the biggest importers of Morocco goods such as foodstuffs, machinery and chemical goods. With a strong domestic manufacturing base, Morocco stands the chance of replacing some part of ECOWAS importations from Europe and Americas, while addressing its wider current account and trade deficit, in addition to improving its unstable economic growth. As the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) continues to oppose the admission of Morocco into ECOWAS, such moves will not add to Nigeria’s productive capacity. Even as Morocco’s admittance will promote competitiveness, Nigeria will, therefore, need to reform its productive base to able to enjoy the benefit of the membership of any trade bloc it belongs to now or in the future.

In conclusion, as the economic pie grows big, everyone stands will have a bigger share. As the productive capacity of member states increases and trade activities with each other expands, more business opportunities will spring up, jobs and income in the region will increase. With the growing population in West Africa, this is partly what the ECOWAS needs to tame the Africa-Europe migration/refugee challenges and as well as achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

The impact of tobacco use on health, mortality as well as economic and social well-being is enormous. Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of death worldwide with an approximate 6 million deaths per year. Interestingly, the current trend portends that tobacco use will cause more than 8 million deaths annually by 2030. The attendant consequences of tobacco use has necessitated discourses on tobacco prevention and control in global policy spaces.

Although tobacco use and control in Africa has received little attention relative to other regions of the world like Asia, due to the perceived low smoking prevalence, smoking prevalence is rising. For instance, a 2012 study revealed that Tobacco use was responsible for 25 percent of all preventable deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria specifically, tobacco related diseases was responsible for about 17, 500 deaths in 2015 (this translated to about 207 men and 130 women per week) and about 250, 000 cancer diagnoses.

Tobacco smoking is highly addictive and despite measures taken to limit its consumption, smoking prevalence is rising. Globally, governments are taking stringent measures to control tobacco use, and tobacco companies are responding innovatively through creation of other forms of tobacco including smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, hookahs (water pipes). However, as research has shown, the composition of all forms of tobacco products are harmful to health.

Composition and Dangers of Tobacco Smoke

Tobacco smoke contains more than 7, 000 chemicals and at least 250 of these chemicals have drastic consequences on health. Among the 250 harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 69 cause cancer. Some of the cancer-causing chemicals include carbon monoxide, copper, arsenic, benzene, ammonia, formaldehyde, nicotine, acetone, toluene, methanol and methane.

Tobacco smoke is a causative agent of cancer of the lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, cervix, colon and rectum. It also causes heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction and arthritis amongst others. Tobacco smoke has adverse effect on pregnant women. For instance, tobacco smoke increases risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and ectopic pregnancy. The effects of tobacco smoke on children are not more charitable as it causes respiratory infections (bronchitis and pneumonia), asthma induction, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) among others.

Second-Hand Smoking

Unfortunately, non-smokers who are exposed to tobacco smoke risk exposure to cancer. Secondhand smoking which is also called passive smoking, is exposure to either the smoke exhaled by a smoker or the smoke from a burning tobacco product. According to research, inhaling second-hand smoke causes lung cancer and is estimated to cause about 600, 000 premature deaths per year.

Impact on the Economy

The effects of tobacco smoke spills over from health to economic and social well-being. It is widely accepted that tobacco use and poverty are intertwined and their presence could forestall economic development. In the poorest of households, especially in low-income countries, as much as 10 percent of total household expenditure is spent on tobacco, making money less available for other basic items such as food, education and health care. In 2015, the economic losses incurred by tobacco smoke in Nigeria were estimated at 591 million dollars. With a rising smoking prevalence of 4 percent each year; from 11.3 percent in 2000 to 17.4 percent in 2015, the question of tobacco control is one the Nigerian policy space can no longer shy away from.

How then do we control this endemic?

This has been the question of policy-makers, civil society organizations, researchers, advocates of tobacco control and international development partners especially as tobacco is a legal product and as such cannot be banned. Among several control measures such as banning smoking in public places; restricting sale to certain populations; effectively controlling borders from smuggled products etc., the World Health Organization (WHO) considers tobacco taxation as the most effective control tool. Tobacco taxation has the potential of simultaneously delivering on the tasks of reducing tobacco consumption, improving public health and raising substantial government revenues that can be used to fund tobacco control projects.

For effectiveness, the WHO recommends a tobacco excise tax burden of 75 percent. However, in Nigeria, the excise tax burden is 20 percent per unit of cost of production, representing 15. 87 percent of the retail price of most consumed cigarettes. This is a far cry from the WHO recommended benchmark.

Is Nigeria’s New Tax Policy Substantial Enough?

Recently, the Nigeria government approved an additional ₦1 specific tax on each stick of cigarette (₦20 per pack), which would increase to ₦2 per stick in 2019 (₦40 per pack) and eventually ₦2.90 per stick in 2020 (₦58 per pack) while maintaining the current 20 percent ad valorem tobacco excise duty rate. This new excise duty on tobacco which amounts to a 17 percent excise tax burden is still way below the WHO recommended 75 percent excise tax burden. No doubt, this policy decision reflects the commitment of the Government to tackle the tobacco endemic, reduce cigarette consumption and improve public health. However, the new excise tax burden of 17% is not substantial enough to deliver on effective tobacco control.

Conclusion Government efforts in tobacco control needs to be sustained till the WHO recommended benchmark is attained. It is expected that the increase in excise tax on tobacco products would inadvertently create a setting for illicit trade in tobacco to thrive. Therefore, the government needs to be proactive in monitoring, evaluation and efficient manning of borders.

Human development indicators show that Nigeria does not adequately invest in its people. Nigeria continues to perform abysmally in key health and education indicators. The country is the Download File">second largest contributor to the world’s maternal mortality rate. Worse still, pregnant women are not the only ones faced with this bleak reality as the average Nigerian is expected to die at Download File">age 53. On education, Download File">10.5 million children are not enrolled in school, the world’s highest number of out-of-school children, and Download PDF">four out of five children who have completed primary education cannot read.

The country’s low human capital has caught the attention of philanthropists: the founders of the Download File">Tony Elumelu Foundation, Dangote Foundation, and more recently, Download File">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. While at the National Economic Council in March 2018, Bill Gates, co-founder of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation pointed out that the government’s low investment in the education and health sectors has contributed to these poor outcomes. In 2018, the proposed national budget for education as a percentage of GDP is a meagre 0.005 percent which is a significant shortfall from the UN-recommended 6 percent. In the same year, the budget share for health stood at 4 percent, significantly lower than the AU-recommended 15 percent.

However, increased funding is not the sole pathway to positive outcomes in these sectors. According to Gates, availability of facilities, stock of medicine and equipment, among other non-financing mechanisms, are equally critical in achieving improvements in the health sector. A Download File">paper by my colleague, Joseph Ishaku, shares the same opinion. The study shows the importance of school quality - class size, textbook availability, school organization, and feeding programme – in the learning outcomes of children.

Alternatives to Increased Funding

With the same funding, the government can deliver better education and health outcomes by leveraging on the skills and resources of relevant stakeholders. Partnerships with the private sector, donor community and development institutions will share risks and expertise, promote coordination and prevent duplication of efforts. On education, Abia state is a notable example on public-private partnerships. Abia, which has topped WAEC results across the country for three years (2015, 2016 and 2017) in a row, adopted the Download File">Friends of Abia School Adoption Initiative (FASAI) in 2015. Through FASAI, indigenes of the state contribute to the state’s educational system by paying for the fees of school children and/or renovating school buildings.

Infusing technology is another means to help the government accomplish more for less. In the health sector, technology can aid in providing access to healthcare services in rural areas and fragile zones, curtail diagnostic errors and reduce mortality. In 2009, Ondo state government demonstrated how technology can be deployed to solve a health problem. The government initiated the Download File">Abiye (Safe Motherhood) Program which offered cell phones to expectant mothers in order to connect them to health workers, increasing skilled-attendance of birth by fifteen-folds.

Lastly, improved data collection is critical in deploying proven methods rather than wasting time and resources by reinventing the wheel. Establishing a unified data collection system at both federal and state levels will aid in making fact-based decisions, utilize scarce resources more efficiently and track improvement in outcomes.

According to economic theory, investments in human capital – skills, knowledge and health of people - is essential to a country’s economic growth process. U.S. history tells the story of how five men - Download File">Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, Thomas Edison and Henry Ford –  and their workers transformed the U.S. into a global super power. Chinese entrepreneurs, in part, transformed the former communist nation to capitalism, turning China into the second biggest global economy. Nigeria with its young population structure (over half of the population is below age 18) stands a great chance of reaping significant demographic dividends if its citizens are productive and actively participate in the economy. Investments in education and health sectors will develop Nigeria’s most valuable resource – the Nigerian people - and engender long-term economic growth.