1. Stifling of economic growth: Firstly, government spending contributes directly to the economy through transfers and capital expenditures. This means that a delay in budget implementation would reduce government’s contribution to economic growth. Secondly, the government’s plan on revenue generation and expenditures (otherwise known as fiscal policy), influences other economic agent decisions like whether government is going to spend more (expansionary) or spend less (contractionary). A budget delay would therefore bring about uncertainty in the government fiscal policy direction. Thirdly, budget delay only affects capital expenditure such as infrastructural development. It doesn’t affect recurrent expenditures like payment of salaries. This means that infrastructural development such as building of hospitals, schools, construction of roads etc. would be significantly constrained.
2. Poor budget implementation: It is quite logical to also expect that budget delay would bring about poor budget implementation. For example, Projects may be carried out haphazardly in order to meet up with the expected time. Additionally, budget delays introduces lack of accountability into the budget process, which could lead into diversion of public resources.
3. Negative impact on Domestic investment: Budget delay brings uncertainty not just on the Government’s fiscal policy direction, but also on the decisions of the private sector. Since the private sector play a critical role in job creation, budget delay would indirectly affect employment level. For Nigeria, with an unemployed population of over 15.9 million people, budget delay further complicates the problem.

Public budget plays a crucial role in economic management and broader development policies. Importantly, it is the main transmission mechanism of fiscal policy and the key tool through which government could stabilize and influence the economic direction. Global experience in public budgeting indicates that countries adopt a defined time horizon or standardized budgetary calendar. The budgetary calendar does not necessary synchronize with the Gregorian dating but only requires a fixed start and end periods for each fiscal cycle. The importance of having budgetary calendar is to reduce uncertainty that could affect optimization behavior and expectation of economic dramatic personae.  The rigid time frame also ensures discipline and enhances coordination.

In the case of Nigeria, public budgeting is expected to follow the Gregorian dating, beginning on January 1 and ending on December, 31. Based on Section 82.1 of the 1999 constitution, it is anticipated that appropriation bill will have been passed before the beginning of a financial year. In fact, the constitution considers delay in budget passage as an aberration, such that new government expenditure is restricted and only functional spending, which is fixed to the corresponding period estimate, is  allowed. However, in the past two decades of democratic governance in Nigeria, budget delay has become a norm, with the standardized budgetary calendar adhered to only twice in the past twenty years. In this piece, we shed light on economic impact of budget delay, to highlight on an important area for public sector reform.

The Nigerian budget cycle and the source of budget delay

The budget cycle starts with the executive articulating its vision and plan for the economy to the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and the Budget Office of the Federation (BOF) through the medium-term fiscal framework. Depending on the division of functions, the MoF and Ministry of Budget and Planning alternate this role. After this, the BOF and MoF introduce a form of transparency by involving stakeholders such as NASS, the National Economic Council organized private sector, Civil Society and Public Sector through series of interactive sessions. Through this multi-stakeholder process, the revenue is estimated and MDAs expenditure ceilings are set. Thereafter, the FMF circulates the Budget Call Circular in June of each year, which is a formal invitation for MDAs to begin budget submission.

Figure 1 shows how budget proceeds from the stage when the MDAs submit their estimates, in line with zero-based budgeting. All submissions are evaluated and consolidated by the BOF and the draft is presented to the President and the Federal Executive Council for approval. The proposed budget is then submitted by the President to the National Assembly for review, deliberations and approval around October of each year. The budget is at this stage scrutinized and evaluated separately by the Senate and Representatives through debates and various committees. However, there is no time limit for the National Assembly to draw up the final budget. Final phase involves the assent of the appropriation bill and implementation by the executive.

Figure 1: Nigerian budget process

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The budget process in Nigeria has never been as smooth as expected. The cause of the delay is multifaceted. However, the budget is substantially delayed at the legislative action phase. This is because the two legislative layers separately review the budget and subsequently harmonize it into a single budget document. Also, disagreement between the legislature and executive on the expenditure items and level could drag the process, playing back-and-forth between the legislative action and the final phase.

Measuring the cost of delay

To provide a sense of economic impact of budget delay, we compare economic growth in quarter(s) before and after budget is passed. The rationale is that if budget delay is costless, growth in the two periods should not be significantly different. The result is shown in Figure 2. We interrogate the economic effect further by fitting the trend line and deriving the regression coefficients between budget delay and various economic outcomes. The results are graphical displayed using scatter diagram in Figure 3 Budget delay is measured by numbers of days between January, 1 and the when the President assented the budget. Also, we focus on four economic outcomes: GDP growth, FDI growth, domestic investment growth and the percentage of budget implementation. The analysis covers 2000 to 2017, the entire fourth republic.

Figure 2: Comparison of economic growth in quarters before and after budget signing

Data source: NBS, 2018 and Authors compilation

Figure 3: Scatter diagram of Budget delay and GDP growth, FDI, Domestic Investment and budget Implementation

Data source: NBS, 2018 and Authors compilation

The emerging facts

Based on analysis in Figures 2 and 3, the following observations can be drawn on the economic cost of budget delay:

• Budget delay impacts negatively on economic growth: We found an inverse relationship (-0.025) between the budget delays and economic growth. Specifically, a 100 days delay in the budget implementation tends to depress the economy by 2.5 percent. Similarly, a comparison of quarterly performance indicates growth is higher by about 1.82 percentage point in quarters after budget passage than before. Several factors could explain this trend. First, government contributes directly to economy through government spending (transfers and capital expenditure), which means that budget delay depresses its contribution to GDP. Second, other economic agent decisions are influence by government fiscal plan, whether expansionary or contractionary policy. Uncertainty on government policy direction therefore amplify the economic cost due to the delay. Lastly, budget delay only affects capital expenditure, as recurrent expenditure falls within functional activities. This means infrastructural development which is a key enabler for economic growth will be significantly constrained.
• Budget delay leads to poor budget implementation: Unsurprisingly, the poor implementation are more pronounced in fiscal years with considerable budget delay. A negative correlation coefficient of -0.001 was found between budget delay and percentage of budget implementation. Poor budget implementation no doubt at the root cause of poor service delivery. Budget delay also introduces opacity into the budget process, which could induce diversion of public resources.
• Domestic investment is negatively affected: The analysis also finds a negative relationship (-0.040) between domestic investment and budget delay. One explanation for this is the uncertainty induced by budget delay on decision and expectation of private sector. In addition, given the crucial role the private sector plays in job creation, the budget delay indirectly affects employment level.

Conclusion

Public budget is an important policy document that provides a roadmap for government activities and programmes for a fiscal year. To meet this goal, it needs to operate within a define time horizon and engender economic stability. Nigeria’s experience of endlessly dragging the budget process has needlessly imposed substantial economic costs on the public and private sectors. The policy implication is obvious—policymakers must ensure a standardized budgetary calendar. Less obvious is whether there is an alignment of political interests to realize it. It is not clear who benefits from the delay, but budget actors seem to stall the process in a ‘war of attrition’ to maximize their benefits. Essentially, budget delay reflects the power and interest frictions among political actors. In this respect, it might be exigent for Nigerian fiscal rule to be broadened to also include a mandatory standardized budgetary calendar and a define timeframe for each budget process